Sunday, August 9, 2009

Intel 4004 - The World's First Single Chip Microprocessor


In November, 1971, a company called Intel publicly introduced the world's first single chip microprocessor, the Intel 4004 (U.S. Patent #3,821,715), invented by Intel engineers Federico Faggin, Ted Hoff, and Stan Mazor. After the invention of integrated circuits revolutionized computer design, the only place to go was down -- in size that is. The Intel 4004 chip took the integrated circuit down one step further by placing all the parts that made a computer think (i.e. central processing unit, memory, input and output controls) on one small chip. Programming intelligence into inanimate objects had now become possible.

The Intel 4004 Microprocessor

The 4004 was the world's first universal microprocessor. In the late 1960s, many scientists had discussed the possibility of a computer on a chip, but nearly everyone felt that integrated circuit technology was not yet ready to support such a chip. Intel's Ted Hoff felt differently; he was the first person to recognize that the new silicon-gated MOS technology might make a single-chip CPU (central processing unit) possible.

Hoff and the Intel team developed such an architecture with just over 2,300 transistors in an area of only 3 by 4 millimetres. With its 4-bit CPU, command register, decoder, decoding control, control monitoring of machine commands and interim register, the 4004 was one heck of a little invention. Today's 64-bit microprocessors are still based on similar designs, and the microprocessor is still the most complex mass-produced product ever with more than 5.5 million transistors performing hundreds of millions of calculations each second - numbers that are sure to be outdated fast.

Intel Celeron Processor 440


The Intel Celeron processor 440 balances proven technology with exceptional value for embedded computing designs such as print imaging, gaming, interactive clients, and industrial automation. Featuring Intel Intelligent Power Capability, it supports smaller, quieter, more energy-efficient embedded systems with improved performance over previous Intel Celeron processors.

Manufactured on 65nm process technology, the Intel Celeron processor 440 at 2.0 GHz offers 512 KB of L2 cache with a thermal design power (TDP) of 35 watts. Based on a new energy-efficient microarchitecture, this Celeron processor enables smaller and quieter embedded designs. It features Execute Disable Bit (for built-in security support) as well as Intel 64 architecture (Intel 64), enabling applications to access larger amounts of memory when used with appropriate 64-bit supporting hardware and software.

The Intel Celeron processor 440 is available in an LGA-775 package with integrated heat spreader. When combined with the Intel Q45 Express Chipset, Intel Q35 Express Chipset, Intel Q965 Express Chipset or Intel 3210 Chipset, the platform provides exceptional value with mid-range performance and reduced power.
Product information

Features and benefits

800 MHz front-side bus Provides accelerated access to data from the processor core.
Intel Wide Dynamic Execution Improves execution speed and efficiency, delivering more instructions per clock cycle.

Intel Smart Memory Access

Optimizes use of data bandwidth from the memory subsystem to accelerate out-of-order execution, keeping the pipeline full while improving instruction throughput and performance. Newly designed prediction mechanism reduces the time in-flight instructions must wait for data. Pre-fetch algorithms move data from system memory into fast L2 cache in advance of execution.

Intel Advanced Digital Media Boost

Accelerates execution of Streaming SIMD Extension (SSE/2/3) instructions to significantly improve media boost performance on a broad range of applications. 128-bit SSE instructions are issued at a throughput rate of one/clock cycle, effectively doubling speed of execution over previous-generation processors.
Execute Disable Bit° Enhances virus protection when deployed with supported operating system. Allows memory to be marked as executable or non-executable, allowing the processor to raise an error to the operating system, thereby preventing malicious code from infecting the system.

Intel 64 Architecture (Intel 64) Enables access to larger amounts of memory and provides flexibility for 32-bit and 64-bit applications. With appropriate supporting hardware and software, platforms supporting 64-bit computing can use extended virtual and physical memory.

Intel486 Processors

The Intel486 microprocessors have provided 32-bit high performance in increasingly complex application environments for personal computers and network servers. Now the same microprocessors are available for a range of embedded applications, such as terminals, embedded PC boards, industrial control systems, scanners, printers, medical equipment and entertainment systems. Current customers of the embedded Intel386 processor can now take advantage of the Intel486 architecture to extend the performance of their embedded designs.
The Intel® SL Technology, featured in the Intel486 processors, allows system designers to build intelligent power management capabilities into hardware, making these capabilities independent of application software. Power management becomes an integral part of the system, regardless of what operating system or application is used. Power management is improved because SL Technology protects the power management features from conflicting with other software.
Intel486 SX Embedded

Processor Overview

The embedded Intel486 SX processor provides high performance to 32-bit, embedded applications that do not required a floating-point unit. The embedded Intel486 SX processor is binary compatible with the Intel386 and earlier Intel processors. Compared with the Intel386 processor, it provides faster execution of many commonly used instructions. It also provides the benefits of an integrated 8-Kbyte, write-through cache for code and data. Its data bus can operate in burst mode, which provides up to 106Mbps transfers for cache-line fills and instructions prefetches. Two component packages are available: a 196-Lead Plastic Quad Flat Pack (PQFP), and a 168-Pin Grid Array (PGA), both available for 5-volt designs. Both products operate at CLK frequencies up to 33MHz.
Ultra Low Power Intel486 SX and Intel486 GX Processor Family
The Ultra Low Power Intel486 SX processor was developed specifically for the embedded market. It brings high levels of performance to low-cost, entry-level, embedded applications, where maximum energy efficiency is a high concern. (Please see our datasheet for low power options). These low-power technology improvements allow for new packaging options for the Intel486 processor. The Ultra Low Power Intel486 SX processor comes in the 176 lead Thin Quad Flat Pack(TQFP) package. This is the smallest, lowest profile Intel486 processor in the world. At 25.4mm x 25.4mm x 1.5mm, the 176 lead TQFP package is the same size and thickness as the United States quarter (25 cent coin)!


IntelDX2 and IntelDX4 Processor Family

The IntelDX2 and IntelDX4 processors bring the highest level of performance in the Intel486 family, created by such combined features as speed-multiplying technology, on-chip integration of Level I unified code and data cache, memory management unit with paging, and floating-point unit. The clock-multiplier allows the processor to operate at frequencies higher than the external memory bus. The integer unit uses RISC design techniques to provide single-clock-cycle execution of common instructions and general purpose registers for manipulating 32-bit addresses and data. The 8K on-chip Write-Through unified cache on the speed-doubled IntelDX2 processor, and the 16K on-chip Write-Back Enhanced unified cache on the speed-tripled IntelDX4 processor maintains the one-clock-per-instruction execution rate. Intel 486 processors provide support for multiprocessing systems. Support for multi-level caches reduces bus utilization, allowing multiple Intel486 processors to share a single memory bus. For the highest level of performance, choose the IntelDX2 and IntelDX4 processors.

Intel386 Processors

The Intel386 DX, EX, and SX embedded processors are based on the Intel386 architecture. All have 32-bit cores, and enhanced functionality for the embedded processor market.

* The static Intel386 EX microprocessor is designed for embedded applications that require high integration and low power. Key features include: PC compatibility, power management, low-voltage operation, and on-chip integration of numerous common peripherals such as interrupt controllers, chip selects, counters and timers.

* The static Intel386 SX, also referred to as the 80386SSX or 80386SXTA microprocessor, microprocessor is a pin-for-pin replacement for the dynamic Intel386 SX processor. The static design features clock freeze mode, and higher speed operation.

* The dynamic Intel386 SX microprocessor is an entry-level processor with a 16-bit external data bus and a 24-bit external address bus. It provides the performance benefits of a 32-bit architecture with the cost savings of a 16-bit hardware system.

* The dynamic Intel386 DX microprocessor is designed for single-user, multi-tasking applications. The 32-bit registers and data paths support 32-bit addresses and data types. It addresses 4 gigabytes of physical memory, and 64 terabytes of virtual memory. It offers a 50% performance increase over the Intel386 EX and SX processors.


Embedded system designers have long understood the benefits of PC compatibility in their designs. The embedded Intel386 processors are compatible with DOS and standard graphical windowing operating environments, as well as many popular embedded real-time operating systems.

Applications based on an Intel386 microprocessor allow designers to embed popular versions of DOS and graphical windowing environments to implement an array of existing software applications within their systems.

The PC compatibility, enhanced functionality, and real-time software support make the Intel386 microprocessors a sound embedded solution. Reduced design complexity and decreased software development time are major advantages in today's embedded market segment.

Time-to-Market

The embedded Intel386 processors reduce time-to-market by shortening both software and hardware design cycles. The embedded Intel386 processors preserve investments with existing Intel architecture software. Because the embedded Intel386 CPUs are 100% binary compatible with the 186/188 CPU, upgrading to an Intel386 CPU preserves software investment, and speeds time-to-market.

The PC makes an excellent tool for debugging code before application hardware is available. Code can be written and debugged in parallel with hardware development. The ability to use a PC for software debugging, in addition to a wide selection of development tools, allows for quick and inexpensive software development.

Intel386 EX architecture designs provide ease of use. The high integration of the Intel386 EX chip provides many of the peripheral devices previously found with personal computers. To add further value to the system, the Intel386 EX processor implements embedded peripheral functions such as interrupt controllers, chip-select generation, 16-bit timers and counters, DRAM refresh, watchdog timer, serial ports, etc. The high integration of the Intel386 EX microprocessor significantly reduces system complexity and hardware design time.

Integration of the Intel386 EX processor can also provide a simplified, compact design to lessen your burden on support chips that may become hard to find.

Upgrade Choice for 186 Processor

Intel's 186 processor family has been designed in many embedded applications over the years. If a 186 embedded design requires either more addressibility or higher performance, the Intel386 EX processor is the upgrade choice. The EX provides 26 address bits for a total of 4 Gbytes. Also, given the same clock rate, the Intel386 EX processor performs up to three times the performance of a 186-base processor. Since the EX has an 80386 core, it is code compatible with 186 processors, making it a logical upgrade processor to run your existing software.

Additionally, software can be modified to take advantage of the 80386 features, including memory protection and multitasking. Memory protection can provide a safety net to software problems. This can become very important if your customer ever modifies the software run on your application.

Intel® 186 Processors

Intel modularized the core architecture of the Intel 186 in order to better provide expandable peripheral functionality. The 186 Ex family is based on an improved, static, 1 micron design. All of the enhanced products run at 25 MHz. In addition, the 80C186Ex/C188Ex processors have a common set of base peripherals beneficial to many embedded applications. The Ex processors all support a standard numeric interface, an interrupt control unit, a chip-select unit, a DRAM refresh control unit, a power management unit, and three 16-bit timer/counters.

The 186 Ex family was designed with a number of objectives, the most important being high integration, low power consumption and a small form factor. The first objective is met by offering different Ex family members with varied peripheral sets. The variety of peripheral combinations available allows a designer to choose a "best fit" for their application. The second objective, low power, is met by offering a fully static device that operates down to 2.9-3.0 volts. The final objective, small form factor, is addressed by the Shrink Quad Flat Pack (SQFP) package.

The idle mode allows the device to shut off the CPU clock, leaving all integrated peripherals active. Idle mode lowers processor current consumption by approximately 40 percent. Powerdown mode goes a step further, the clock input to the entire processor is disabled reducing device current consumption to transistor leakage (microamps).

Low voltage operation offers numerous benefits to the system designer such as decreased power consumption, less heat generation and less noise. The 13 MHz version of the 186 Ex processors are available in 3.3V versions which operate down to 2.9 volts. The 16 MHz versions as well operate at 3.3V down to 2.9 volts. The combination of power management functionality and optional low voltage operation make the 186 Ex family processors ideal for power sensitive applications.

The small form factor is a major benefit of the SQFP package. The small package allows high integration while using minimal area. Another benefit inherent in smaller packages is reduced noise. The device lead frame that carries signals from the die to the package pins is smaller in the SQFP than it is in packages like QFP or PLCC. The decreased lead frame size decreases noise amplitude on outputs. The decreased inductance resulting from the small package and the elimination of a device socket reduce output noise. Lastly, combining the SQFP package and integration of the 186 Ex processors with low voltage operation offers an ideal solution for portable, low power, battery operated applications.

From DRAM to microprocessors

In 1983, at the dawn of the personal computer era, Intel's profits came under increased pressure from Japanese memory-chip manufacturers, and then-President Andy Grove drove the company into a focus on microprocessors. Grove described this transition in the book Only the Paranoid Survive. A key element of his plan was the notion, then considered radical, of becoming the single source for successors to the popular 8086 microprocessor.

Until then, manufacture of complex integrated circuits was not reliable enough for customers to depend on a single supplier, but Grove began producing processors in three geographically distinct factories, and ceased licensing the chip designs to competitors such as Zilog and AMD. When the PC industry boomed in the late 1980s and 1990s, Intel was one of the primary beneficiaries.

Saturday, August 1, 2009

Intel Pentium Processors with MMX Technology



From point-of-sale (POS) terminals and retail kiosks to advanced networking equipment, Pentium processors with MMX technology enable developers of embedded systems to step up to new levels of performance. To make these designs even easier and more flexible, Intel is making the performance advantages of MMX technology available at a choice of integration levels.

Related Platforms

Interactive Clients

The upgrade path for embedded Intel architecture includes longer life cycle support for the 200 MHz and 233 MHz Pentium processors with MMX technology.
Intel offers 166 MHz and 266 MHz Low-power Pentium processors with MMX technology. Both are available in thin HL-PBGA packaging, as well as PPGA packaging. The 166 MHz Pentium processor is also available in extended temperature range -40ºC to +115ºC.
Also, the Intel 430TX PCIset now supports synchronous DRAM [SDRAM] in embedded applications.

Product Highlights
166, 200, 233, 266 MHz
430TX PCIset
HL-PBGA, PPGA
Extended temp

New Design Options

Together the Pentium processor with MMX technology and the 430TX PCIset provides developers with flexible new options to create value-added embedded designs and upgrade existing products to new levels of performance. Regardless of which design path a developer may select, the Pentium processor with MMX technology offers performance enhancements that can be especially valuable in today's most competitive embedded application segments--including "intelligent" POS terminals, telecommunications equipment, networking devices and high-performance industrial computers.

Improve Processor Performance 10-20 Percent

Pentium processors with MMX technology can provide a 10 to 20 percent performance boost over classic Pentium processors at the same frequency. In addition, the MMX technology versions of the processor double on-chip code and data caches to 16 Kbytes and feature improved branch prediction, an enhanced pipeline and deeper write buffers for improved performance.

Advantages of Intel MMX Technology

MMX technology provides 57 new instruction sets to improve processor performance in traditional digital signal processor [DSP] applications, including the graphics, audio and voice processing capabilities now emerging as value-added features in high-performance embedded products. MMX technology can potentially eliminate the requirement for DSP chips in embedded applications such as video kiosks, telecommunications devices and POS terminals.

Intel Architecture Upgrade Path

"The Pentium processor with MMX technology offers developers the advantages of Intel's stable, long-term processor architecture, together with strong tools support, a robust development environment and a clearly defined upgrade path," notes Tom Franz, general manager of Intel's Embedded Microprocessor Division.

If the flexible motherboard guidelines for split voltages were followed on the original design, Pentium Processors with MMX technology offer pin-compatibility, and a high degree of code-compatibility, with the classic Pentium processors. These compatibility features offer developers a smooth extended upgrade path from existing Intel architecture designs, together with a way to quickly add higher performance with minimal development overhead.

430TX PCIset Adds New Performance

The Intel 430TX PCIset supports synchronous DRAM [SDRAM] in embedded applications. The chipset's Ultra DMA capability allows faster downloading of larger data files in applications such as POS and industrial computers along with Concurrent PCI for smoother video and audio performance.

The 430TX PCIset is also available in extended temperatures at -40°C to +85°C degrees ambient. The extended temperature Pentium processor with MMX technology, along with the extended temperature 430TX PCIset, enables an optimized solution for embedded applications.

Tuesday, July 7, 2009

AMD PhenomX3 8000 Series Triple-Core Processors


NCREDIBLE PERFORMANCE

The ultimate megatasking experience. Featuring true multi-core design and award-winning AMD64 technology with Direct Connect Architecture, AMD Phenom processors deliver the ultimate megatasking experience by providing direct and rapid information flow between processor cores, main memory, and graphics and video accelerators. AMD Phenom processors have the technology to break through the most challenging processing loads. AMD Phenom processors feature low latency access to main memory for amazingly rapid response and phenomenal system performance. AMD Phenom processors were designed for megatasking—running multiple, multi-threaded applications. Surge through the most demanding processing loads, including advanced multitasking, critical business productivity, advanced visual design and modeling, serious gaming, and visually stunning digital media and entertainment.

Phenomenal performance with advanced processor design. The AMD Phenom processors are the most advanced processors for true multitasking with true quad-core design. Don’t get bogged down by non-native quad-core processors and obsolete front side bus architectures. With an integrated memory controller and shared L3 cache, AMD Phenom processors have low-latency access to main memory for amazingly rapid system response and phenomenal system performance.

Blast through performance bottlenecks. All AMD Phenom processors feature AMD64 with Direct Connect Architecture to blast through performance bottlenecks. Award winning HyperTransport 3.0 technology just got faster, providing support for full 1080p high-definition video and extreme total system bandwidth.

Shatter the memory barrier. Superior AMD64 architecture offers direct access to DDR2 memory. Enjoy virtually unlimited memory options with AMD64 technology and 64-bit Windows Vista. Shatter the memory barrier with AMD Phenom processors and 64-bit Windows Vista.

INTENSELY VISUAL

Experience Windows Vista. Harness the power of Windows Vista with the AMD Phenom processors. AMD Phenom processors divide and conquer the most complex tasks with true multi-core design. Enjoy the ultimate megatasking experience on Windows Vista. Enjoy virtually unlimited memory options with AMD64 technology and 64-bit Windows Vista. Shatter the memory barrier with AMD Phenom processors and Windows Vista.

STRIKINGLY EFFICIENT

Strikingly efficient Cool‘n’Quiet 2.0 technology.With the next generation of award-winning Cool‘n’Quiet technology, Cool‘n’Quiet 2.0 technology reduces heat and noise so you can experience amazing performance without distraction. Combined with core enhancements that can improve overall power savings, AMD Phenom processors deliver seamless multitasking and optimum energy efficiency. Work, play, talk, and share a PC that’s seen, not heard.

Purchase with Confidence

Founded in 1969, AMD has shipped more than 240 million PC processors worldwide. Customers can depend on AMD64 processors and AMD for compatibility and reliability. AMD processors undergo extensive testing to help ensure compatibility with Microsoft Windows XP, Vista, Windows NT, Windows 2000, as well as Linux and other PC operating systems. AMD works collaboratively with Microsoft and other ecosystem partners to achieve compatibility of AMD processors and to expand the capability of software and hardware products leveraging AMD64 technology. AMD conducts rigorous research, development, and validation to help ensure the continued integrity and performance of its products.

AMD Athlon 64 X2 dual-core processor for notebook PCs


Get ready for true multi-tasking with affordable, dual-core PC performance that offers improved digital media and gaming for today’s mainstream notebook PCs. It’s exactly the PC performance you’ve been waiting for.

Notebook PCs powered by the AMD Athlon 64 X2 dual-core processor with everything you want and more — leading technologies, great performance, and a price that makes sense.

AMD64 technology brings your notebook PC to life with dual-core performance, superior graphics, and wireless technologies from AMD’s technology partners. It’s everything you need for an enhanced Windows Vista experience you can take with you anywhere.

Notebook PCs in the Better by Design program offer great business value with enhanced security for mobile workers and proven technologies from industry leaders like NVIDIA, Atheros, Broadcom, QUALCOMM, and others — all optimized to work better together. And that means better value for your IT dollars.

Intel Core 2 Extreme Processor For Desktops

Extreme Power. Extreme Enjoyment.

With four blistering cores, the Intel Core2 Extreme processor delivers unrivaled performance to deliver 3D realism and game responsiveness that can annihilate your enemies before they see you coming. And for the creative, performing tasks like video encoding, graphic design, and sound engineering, it’s the ultimate processor to power through those compute-intensive programs without slowing down.

Almost too real

Get stunning realism on immersive multi-threaded games with advanced artificial intelligence (AI), particle systems, dynamic physics and texture- generation engines, with four cores of pure performance.

Expect everything and get it

Get the ultimate engine for advanced multimedia with Intel® HD Boost (Intel® HDB) built into the Intel Core 2 Extreme processor. It delivers up to 40 percent higher performance for intensive multimedia applications like HD video encoding.

Take control

With over speed protection removed, you can tune your system for maximum performance to go where no gamer has gone before.

Get it done fast

Maximize your system performance with the latest in cutting edge processor technologies.

Intel Core2 Duo Processor For Desktops

Enter the performance-packed and energy-efficient world of HD entertainment.

Get amazing responsiveness for gaming or running complex applications with the Intel Core2 Duo processor. Load large files faster and run multiple applications simultaneously all while enjoying your entertainment without lag time.

Energy-efficient performance

Enjoy increased overall performance without increasing power consumption with Intel Intelligent Power Capability built in.

Mega Multitasking

Game, download music, run a virus scan and edit photos all at once with next-generation Intel Core microarchitecture. Intel HD Boost delivers up to 70% higher performance when encoding high-definition memories from your HD video camera.

Protect yourself

Get an advanced level of hardware-assisted security and maintenance technologies built in with Intel Core 2 Duo processors.

Rich video quality

Intel Clear Video Technology, a built in feature of the latest Intel Graphics, lets you enjoy an enhanced video experience with smoother playback. And with new Intel HD Boost, you’ll experience up to 70 percent faster performance when encoding high-definition memories from your HD video camera.

The ultimate Windows Vista experience

With Intel Graphics, you can enjoy the full spectrum of visual advancements offered by Windows Vista Home Premium edition.

Intel Core2 Quad Processor For Desktops

Maximum performance for multimedia applications.

Get the performance you need to handle the hottest digital media, content-creation software, and immersive multi-threaded games. Four cores provide all the power you need to achieve smooth effects during game play, plus the capacity to handle today’s processor-hungry multimedia applications.

Do more of everything at once

Experience revolutionary computing powered by four cores of pure performance.

Empower your need for speed

Encode HD video over 50 percent faster with Intel HD Boost built into Intel Core2 Quad processor.

Edit, alter and create faster

Run a multitude of demanding HD multimedia applications with up to 12 percent more speed for photo editing, retouching, and publishing.

Prepare for the future

Enjoy performance in the games and software of today - while being prepared to run the multi-threaded applications of tomorrow.

Intel Centrino 2 Processor Technology For Mobile Computing

The best notebooks have Intel Centrino 2 processor technology inside

Intel’s NEWEST and BEST performing notebook technology includes:

* Up to 50% faster performance when multitasking
* Up to 2X greater range and up to 5X better wireless performance
* Designed for the longest possible battery life
* Up to 90% faster performance on intensive multimedia applications like HD video encoding

Unsurpassed mobile computing performance

Get performance that meets the processing needs of the most demanding multitasker, whether you’re editing photos, watching HD video, or gaming. With a minimum of 3MB Smart Cache and 1066MHz Front Side Bus, Intel Centrino 2 processor technology delivers performance gains of up to 50 percent. No more waiting for your notebook to catch up!

Break free with longer battery life

To keep you unplugged longer, we’ve incorporated Deep Power Down and other energy-efficient capabilities into Intel Centrino 2 processor technology. So you won’t need to search for power outlets at every stop along your travels.

Like you’ve never seen or heard before

With HD video and audio decoding, you can access and enjoy more exciting media content than ever while on-the-go.

The future of wireless today

Operate wireless with up to five times better wireless performance, including faster Web browsing, file transfers and rich media downloads.Go from office to park bench to cafe and back home again without missing an online minute.

Enhanced digital media experience

With Intel Graphics Technology, you’re choosing a smarter, integrated solution for your visual needs. You’ll experience the hottest media in razor-sharp 1080p HD with crystal-clear images and brilliant color. And you’ll enjoy more than three times better graphics performance for a rich, realistic and immersive experience while you’re gaming or watching video.

Go thinner and lighter and still enjoy every feature of a standard size Intel Centrino 2-based notebook.

Intel helps puts lighter, sleeker notebooks at your fingertips. How? By making their powerful Intel Centrino 2 processor technology 50 percent smaller. So go thin and unplug with Intel’s smallest Centrino 2 processor technology.

Intel Atom Processor For Mobile Internet Devices

Unleash the best Internet experiences on your Mobile Internet Device when you’ve got:

No need to settle for less from your wireless handheld computer when you've got:

* Blazing performance for stunning video streaming/playback
* Amazing battery life
* Integrated wireless to connect when and where you want

All in the palm of your hand

Groundbreaking silicon design and new hafnium-based micro-circuitry enables blazing-fast performance and amazing video streaming/playback in small wireless handheld devices, making it easy to take an amazing Internet experience along with you – on a device that can fit in your pocket.

Breathtaking graphics

Forget what you think you know about handheld computers. With the Intel Atom processor, you’ll see beautiful graphics and stunning video that blows away typical Internet devices. There’s no need to settle for anything less than a full Internet experience.

Long battery life keeps you entertained and productive

Power-efficient design enables extended battery life so you can keep on surfing, blogging, listening to music, watching video and communicating with the world as you move through your day.

Reliable built-in wireless

Maximize your Internet device’s potential by staying connected whether you’re watching a movie at home, emailing from a cafe or chatting on a social networking site while on vacation. Devices with optional GPS functionality let you access location-specific information so you can meet up with your friends and track down reviews of nearby restaurants.

Intel Pentium Dual-Core Processor For Notebooks

Enter the world of multitasking with dual-core performance.

The Intel Pentium dual-core processor gives you the processing power you need to multitask with ease. Download music, organize digital photos and run office software—all at the same time. Intel Pentium dual-core lets you do extraordinary things with everyday computing.

Expand your options

Two processing cores deliver superior performance when multitasking several applications at once.

Fortify your defences

The Intel Pentium dual-core processor comes with built-in Execute Disable Bit technology, which helps keep your notebook safe from viruses, worms, and other malicious attacks.

Less energy consumption

Chipset advancements provide increased energy efficiency with less drain and longer battery life.

Self-adjusting frequency

Intel SpeedStep technology allows your system to dynamically adjust processor voltage and core frequency to decrease power consumption and heat production.

Intel® 186 Processors

Intel modularized the core architecture of the Intel 186 in order to better provide expandable peripheral functionality. The 186 Ex family is based on an improved, static, 1 micron design. All of the enhanced products run at 25 MHz. In addition, the 80C186Ex/C188Ex processors have a common set of base peripherals beneficial to many embedded applications. The Ex processors all support a standard numeric interface, an interrupt control unit, a chip-select unit, a DRAM refresh control unit, a power management unit, and three 16-bit timer/counters.

The 186 Ex family was designed with a number of objectives, the most important being high integration, low power consumption and a small form factor. The first objective is met by offering different Ex family members with varied peripheral sets. The variety of peripheral combinations available allows a designer to choose a "best fit" for their application. The second objective, low power, is met by offering a fully static device that operates down to 2.9-3.0 volts. The final objective, small form factor, is addressed by the Shrink Quad Flat Pack (SQFP) package.

The idle mode allows the device to shut off the CPU clock, leaving all integrated peripherals active. Idle mode lowers processor current consumption by approximately 40 percent. Powerdown mode goes a step further, the clock input to the entire processor is disabled reducing device current consumption to transistor leakage (microamps).

Low voltage operation offers numerous benefits to the system designer such as decreased power consumption, less heat generation and less noise. The 13 MHz version of the 186 Ex processors are available in 3.3V versions which operate down to 2.9 volts. The 16 MHz versions as well operate at 3.3V down to 2.9 volts. The combination of power management functionality and optional low voltage operation make the 186 Ex family processors ideal for power sensitive applications.

The small form factor is a major benefit of the SQFP package. The small package allows high integration while using minimal area. Another benefit inherent in smaller packages is reduced noise. The device lead frame that carries signals from the die to the package pins is smaller in the SQFP than it is in packages like QFP or PLCC. The decreased lead frame size decreases noise amplitude on outputs. The decreased inductance resulting from the small package and the elimination of a device socket reduce output noise. Lastly, combining the SQFP package and integration of the 186 Ex processors with low voltage operation offers an ideal solution for portable, low power, battery operated applications.

Intel Celeron M Processors

The Intel Celeron M processor family is the next generation of mobile value processors, providing exceptional performance and value combined with low power for thermally sensitive embedded and communications applications. These processors offer ideal solutions for small-to-medium business and enterprise communications, storage appliances, and value-oriented embedded devices like Point Of Sale, kiosks and ATMs.

This document is the Specification Update to the Intel Celeron M Processor Datasheet, Intel Celeron M Processor on 90 nm Process Datasheet and Intel Celeron M Processor on 65 nm Process Datasheet. It is intended for hardware system manufacturers and software developers of applications, operating systems, or tools. Specification Updates contains specification changes, S-specs, errata, specification clarifications, and documentation changes. The Intel Celeron M processor on 90 nm process and Intel Celeron M processor on 65 nm process may contain design defects or errors known as errata which may cause the product to deviate from published specifications. Current characterized errata are available on request.

Intel Pentium Processors with MMX Technology

From point-of-sale (POS) terminals and retail kiosks to advanced networking equipment, Pentium processors with MMX technology enable developers of embedded systems to step up to new levels of performance. To make these designs even easier and more flexible, Intel is making the performance advantages of MMX technology available at a choice of integration levels.

Related Platforms

Interactive Clients

The upgrade path for embedded Intel architecture includes longer life cycle support for the 200 MHz and 233 MHz Pentium processors with MMX technology.
Intel offers 166 MHz and 266 MHz Low-power Pentium processors with MMX technology. Both are available in thin HL-PBGA packaging, as well as PPGA packaging. The 166 MHz Pentium processor is also available in extended temperature range -40ºC to +115ºC.
Also, the Intel 430TX PCIset now supports synchronous DRAM [SDRAM] in embedded applications.

Product Highlights
166, 200, 233, 266 MHz
430TX PCIset
HL-PBGA, PPGA
Extended temp

New Design Options

Together the Pentium processor with MMX technology and the 430TX PCIset provides developers with flexible new options to create value-added embedded designs and upgrade existing products to new levels of performance. Regardless of which design path a developer may select, the Pentium processor with MMX technology offers performance enhancements that can be especially valuable in today's most competitive embedded application segments--including "intelligent" POS terminals, telecommunications equipment, networking devices and high-performance industrial computers.

Improve Processor Performance 10-20 Percent

Pentium processors with MMX technology can provide a 10 to 20 percent performance boost over classic Pentium processors at the same frequency. In addition, the MMX technology versions of the processor double on-chip code and data caches to 16 Kbytes and feature improved branch prediction, an enhanced pipeline and deeper write buffers for improved performance.

Advantages of Intel MMX Technology

MMX technology provides 57 new instruction sets to improve processor performance in traditional digital signal processor [DSP] applications, including the graphics, audio and voice processing capabilities now emerging as value-added features in high-performance embedded products. MMX technology can potentially eliminate the requirement for DSP chips in embedded applications such as video kiosks, telecommunications devices and POS terminals.

Intel Architecture Upgrade Path

"The Pentium processor with MMX technology offers developers the advantages of Intel's stable, long-term processor architecture, together with strong tools support, a robust development environment and a clearly defined upgrade path," notes Tom Franz, general manager of Intel's Embedded Microprocessor Division.

If the flexible motherboard guidelines for split voltages were followed on the original design, Pentium Processors with MMX technology offer pin-compatibility, and a high degree of code-compatibility, with the classic Pentium processors. These compatibility features offer developers a smooth extended upgrade path from existing Intel architecture designs, together with a way to quickly add higher performance with minimal development overhead.

430TX PCIset Adds New Performance

The Intel 430TX PCIset supports synchronous DRAM [SDRAM] in embedded applications. The chipset's Ultra DMA capability allows faster downloading of larger data files in applications such as POS and industrial computers along with Concurrent PCI for smoother video and audio performance.

The 430TX PCIset is also available in extended temperatures at -40°C to +85°C degrees ambient. The extended temperature Pentium processor with MMX technology, along with the extended temperature 430TX PCIset, enables an optimized solution for embedded applications.

Intel Pentium M Processor

The Intel Pentium M processor utilizes a new microarchitecture to meet the current and future demands of high-performance, low-power embedded computing, making it ideal for medium-to-large enterprise communications applications, transaction terminal, interactive client, and industrial automation applications. While incorporating advanced processor technology, it remains software-compatible with previous members of the Intel microprocessor family.

The Intel Pentium M Processor on 0.13u process technology is validated with the Intel E7501 and Intel 855GME chipsets. The Intel Pentium M Processor on 90nm process technology is validated with the Intel E7501, 855GME, E7520, E7320 chipsets, Mobile Intel 915GME Express Chipset and Intel 3100 (see table for details). These unique platform combinations help address a variety of customer requirements.

Intel Pentium 4 Processors

The Intel Pentium 4 processor, Intel Pentium 4 Processor with HT Technology, and Intel Pentium 4 processor - M for embedded computing with Intel NetBurst microarchitecture deliver the performance you need to meet the growing demands of a new generation of leading-edge embedded products, with scalability that helps minimize your total cost of ownership. Networking, communications and storage appliances, sophisticated interactive clients, industrial automation solutions, digital security surveillance platforms, and imaging devices impose heavy application demands, and these leading-edge embedded processors provide the performance headroom you need.

Rapid platform development is supported by the latest operating systems, applications and Intel Architecture development tools, as well as a variety of validated reference designs from Intel. While incorporating Intel's most advanced embedded processor technologies, the Intel Pentium 4 processor, Intel Prentium 4 Processor with HT Technology, and Intel Pentium 4 processor - M are software-compatible with previous Intel Architecture processors.

Intel Pentium 4 Processor with HT Technology: Available at 3.0 GHz and 3.4 GHz with 1M or 2M cache, and a 800 MHz front side bus delivering 6.4 GB of data per second into and out of the processor.
Intel Pentium 4 Processor: Available at 2.0 GHz and 2.6 GHz with a 400 MHz front side bus delivering 3.2 GB of data per second and at 2.8 and 2.4 GHz with a 533 MHz front side bus delivering 4.2 GB of data per second into and out of the processor.
Intel Pentium 4 Processor-M: Available at 1.7 GHz and 2.2 GHz with a 400 MHz processor side bus delivering 3.2 GB of data per second into and out of the processor


Featuring the Intel NetBurst microarchitecture

Hyper-pipelined technology of the Intel NetBurst microarchitecture doubles the pipeline depth compared to the microarchitecture used on today's Intel Pentium III processors
Rapid Execution Engine includes two Arithmetic Logic Units (ALUs) that are clocked at twice the core processor frequency

Enhanced floating-point and multi-media unit expands floatingpoint registers to a full 128-bit and adds an additional register for data movement

– 144 Streaming SIMD Extensions 2 (SSE2) instructions
– 13 Streaming SIMD Extensions 3 (SSE3) instructions

Data Prefetch Logic functionality anticipates the data needed by an application and preloads it into the Advanced Transfer Cache, further increasing processor and application performance
Memory cacheability up to 4 GB of addressable memory space and system memory scalability up to 64 GB of physical memory

Support for uni-processor designs

Data integrity and reliability features such as Error Correcting Code, Fault Analysis and Recovery for both system and L2 cache buses

Monday, July 6, 2009

Rambus Inc.aleading devoloper of chip interface products and services

Rambus Inc. (Nasdaq:RMBS), a leading developer of chip interface products and services, today announced the availability of a broad family of double data rate (DDR) memory controller interface cells and services. Providing support for mainstream DDR1 and DDR2 up to 800MHz data rates and graphics DDR, including GDDR1, GDDR2, and GDDR3 up to 1600MHz data rates, Rambus DDR memory controller interface cells are full-featured drop-in physical layer (PHY) cells. The interface cells use proven technology that allow customers to dramatically improve time to market, minimize design risk and avoid potential re-spin costs. Rambus also offers system engineering services to further accelerate time to market, and ensure the interface operates at high frequency in the system environment. Rambus DDR interface solutions are ideal for a broad range of applications, from consumer multimedia and graphics systems to mainstream PCs and servers.

"As DDR memory interfaces become faster and as a result more challenging to design, a growing number of customers are requesting proven solutions," said Laura Stark, vice president of the Memory Interface Division at Rambus. "By using Rambus DDR solutions for the memory interface, chip designers can focus on other critical portions of the chip. This new solution, along with RDRAM(R) and XDR(TM) memory interfaces, rounds out our product portfolio and provides a memory interface for any level of performance need."

Rambus DDR memory controller interfaces are complete interface cells instead of technology building blocks, such as I/O pads and delay lock loops (DLLs) that engineers must assemble, integrate and verify on their own. By incorporating Rambus's drop-in DDR memory controller interface cells into their chip designs, customers can save an estimated six-to-nine months of development time and potentially millions of dollars by avoiding costly chip re-spins and lost revenues from being late to market. As with all Rambus interface solutions, Rambus DDR interface cells are designed to integrate seamlessly into silicon, and provide improved time-to-market, lower design risk, higher performance, and lower total cost.

Additionally, Rambus is the only company to provide DDR memory controller interfaces with an optional performance mode supporting XDR DRAM, enabling a two-to-eight times increase in system memory bandwidth. Using this capability, customers can develop a single chip that spans multiple price/performance points depending on which memory type is connected.

Rambus DDR interface circuits are designed for a wide variety of standard CMOS processes, such as 90 nanometer, 0.13-micron and 0.18-micron, and are available immediately on the TSMC 0.13-micron process. Rambus DDR memory controller interfaces for consumer and graphics applications are available now, and those for main memory applications will be available soon.

Intel core2due notebook processor

Outstanding energy-efficient performance and multimedia power.

Experience energy-efficient performance with the Intel Core2 Duo mobile processor. Become a multitasking master with the ability to run multiple applications simultaneously without slowing down. You’ll enjoy outstanding performance when encoding your HD videos or running other intensive multimedia applications.

The power to multitask:

Get revolutionary energy-efficient performance with next-generation hafnium-infused 45nm technology and more smart cache allowing you to multitask twice as fast.


Energy-efficient performance:

Stay unplugged longer with the enhanced power and energy efficiency technologies.


Thinner, lighter notebooks:

Enhanced Intel Core micro architecture enables outstanding performance with thin and light notebook designs.

Rich video quality:

Intel Clear Video Technology, a built-in feature of the latest Intel Graphics, lets you enjoy an enhanced video experience with smoother playback. And with new Intel HD Boost, you’ll experience up to 50 percent faster performance for intensive multimedia applications like video encoding.


The ultimate Windows Vista experience:

With Intel Graphics, you can enjoy the full spectrum of visual advancements offered by Windows Vista Home Premium edition.

GeForce 9800 GTX+

GPU Engine Specs:
Processor Cores 128
Graphics Clock (MHz) 738 MHz
Processor Clock (MHz) 1836 MHz
Texture Fill Rate (billion/sec) 47.2
Memory Specs:
Memory Clock (MHz) 1100 MHz
Standard Memory Config 512 MB
Memory Interface Width 256-bit
Memory Bandwidth (GB/sec) 70.4
Feature Support:
NVIDIA SLI®-ready* 2-way/3-Way
NVIDIA PureVideo® Technology* HD
NVIDIA PhysX™-ready Yes
NVIDIA CUDA™ Technology Yes
HybridPower™ Technology* Yes
GeForce Boost
Microsoft DirectX 10
OpenGL 2.1
Bus Support PCI-E 2.0 x16
Certified for Windows Vista Yes
Display Support:
Maximum Digital Resolution 2560x1600
Maximum VGA Resolution 2048x1536
Standard Display Connectors HDTV
Dual Link DVI
Multi Monitor Yes
HDCP* Yes
HDMI* Via adapter
Audio Input for HDMI SPDIF
Standard Graphics Card Dimensions:
Height 4.376 inches
Length 10.5 inches
Width Dual-slot
Thermal and Power Specs:
Maximum GPU Temperature (in C) 105C C
Maximum Graphics Card Power (W) 141W W
Minimum System Power Requirement (W) 450W W
Supplementary Power Connectors 6-pin x2

GeForce 9600 GSO 512

Memory Clock (MHz) 900 MHz
Standard Memory Config 512 MB
Memory Interface Width 256-bit
Memory Bandwidth (GB/sec) 57.6
Feature Support:
NVIDIA SLI-ready 2-Way
NVIDIA PureVideo Technology HD
NVIDIA PhysX-ready Yes
NVIDIA CUDA Technology Yes
Microsoft DirectX 10
OpenGL 2.1
Bus Support PCI-E 2.0 x16
Certified for Windows Vista Yes
Display Support:
Maximum Digital Resolution 2560x1600
Maximum VGA Resolution 2048x1536
Standard Display Connectors Two Dual Link DVI
HDTV
Multi Monitor Yes
HDCP Yes
HDMI Via adapter
Audio Input for HDMI SPDIF
Standard Graphics Card Dimensions:
Height 4.376 inches
Length 9 inches
Width Single-slot
Thermal and Power Specs:
Maximum GPU Temperature (in C) 105 C
Maximum Graphics Card Power (W) 90 W
Minimum System Power Requirement (W) 400 W
Supplementary Power Connectors 6-pin

GeForce 8800 Ultra

NVIDIA® Unified Architecture

* Unified shader architecture
* GigaThread technology
* Full support for Microsoft DirectX 10
o Geometry shaders
o Geometry instancing
o Streamed output
o Shader Model 4.0
* Full 128-bit floating point precision through the entire rendering pipeline

NVIDIA Lumenex Engine

* 16x full screen anti-aliasing
* Transparent multisampling and transparent supersampling
* 16x angle independent anisotropic filtering
* 128-bit floating point high dynamic-range (HDR) lighting with anti-aliasing
o 32-bit per component floating point texture filtering and blending
* Advanced lossless compression algorithms for color, texture, and z-data
* Support for normal map compression
* Z-cull
* Early-Z

NVIDIA Quantum Effects Technology

* Advanced shader processors architected for physics computation
* Simulate and render physics effects on the graphics processor

NVIDIA SLI Technology

* Patented hardware and software technology allows two GeForce-based graphics cards to run in parallel to scale performance and enhance image quality on today's top titles.

NVIDIA PureVideo HD Technology

* Dedicated on-chip video processor
* High-definition H.264, VC-1, MPEG2 and WMV9 decode acceleration
* Advanced spatial-temporal de-interlacing
* HDCP capable3
* Spatial-Temporal De-Interlacing
* Noise Reduction
* Edge Enhancement
* Bad Edit Correction
* Inverse telecine (2:2 and 3:2 pull-down correction)
* High-quality scaling
* Video color correction
* Microsoft Video Mixing Renderer (VMR) support

Advanced Display Functionality

* Two dual-link DVI outputs for digital flat panel display resolutions up to 2560x1600
* Dual integrated 400MHz RAMDACs for analog display resolutions up to and including 2048x1536 at 85Hz
* Integrated HDTV encoder provides analog TV-output (Component/Composite/S-Video) up to 1080i resolution
* NVIDIA nView multi-display technology capability
* 10-bit display processing

Built for Microsoft Windows Vista™

* Full DirectX 10 support
* Dedicated graphics processor powers the new Windows Vista Aero 3D user interface
* VMR-based video architecture

High Speed Interfaces

* Designed for PCI Express x16
* Designed for high-speed GDDR3 memory

Operating Systems

* Windows Vista /Windows Vista 64
* Windows XP/Windows XP 64
* Linux

API Support

* Complete DirectX support, including Microsoft DirectX 10 Shader Model 4.0
* Full OpenGL support, including OpenGL 2.0

GeForce 8600

NVIDIA Unified Architecture

* Unified shader architecture
* GigaThread technology
* Full support for Microsoft DirectX 10
o Geometry shaders
o Geometry instancing
o Streamed output
o Shader Model 4.0
* Full 128-bit floating point precision through the entire rendering pipeline

NVIDIA Lumenex Engine

* 16x full screen anti-aliasing
* Transparent multisampling and transparent supersampling
* 16x angle independent anisotropic filtering
* 128-bit floating point high dynamic-range (HDR) lighting with anti-aliasing
o 32-bit per component floating point texture filtering and blending
* Advanced lossless compression algorithms for color, texture, and z-data
* Support for normal map compression
* Z-cull
* Early-Z

NVIDIA Quantum Effects Technology

* Advanced shader processors architected for physics computation
* Simulate and render physics effects on the graphics processor

NVIDIA TurboCache Technology

* Combines the capacity and bandwidth of dedicated video memory with dynamically allocated system memory to dramatically turbocharge performance.

NVIDIA SLI Technology

* Patented hardware and software technology allows two GeForce-based graphics cards to run in parallel to scale performance and enhance image quality on today's top titles.

NVIDIA PureVideo HD Technology

* Dedicated on-chip video processor
* High-definition H.264, VC-1, MPEG2 and WMV9 decode acceleration
* Advanced spatial-temporal de-interlacing
* HDCP capable
* Spatial-Temporal De-Interlacing
* Noise Reduction
* Edge Enhancement
* Bad Edit Correction
* Inverse telecine (2:2 and 3:2 pull-down correction)
* High-quality scaling
* Video color correction
* Microsoft Video Mixing Renderer (VMR) support

Advanced Display Functionality

* Two dual-link DVI outputs for digital flat panel display resolutions up to 2560x16004
* One dual-link DVI outputs for digital flat panel display resolutions up to 2560x16005
* One single-link DVI outputs for digital flat panel display resolutions up to 1920x120066
* Dual integrated 400MHz RAMDACs for analog display resolutions up to and including 2048x1536 at 85Hz
* Integrated HDTV encoder provides analog TV-output (Component/Composite/S-Video) up to 1080i resolution
* NVIDIA nView multi-display technology capability
* 10-bit display processing

Built for Microsoft Windows Vista

* Full DirectX 10 support
* Dedicated graphics processor powers the new Windows Vista Aero 3D user interface
* VMR-based video architecture

High Speed Interfaces

* Designed for PCI Express x16
* Designed for high-speed GDDR3 and DDR2 memory

Operating Systems

* Built for Microsoft Windows Vista
* Windows XP/Windows XP 64
* Linux

API Support

* Complete DirectX support, including Microsoft DirectX 10 Shader Model 4.0
* Full OpenGL support, including OpenGL 2.0

GeForce 8400 GS

NVIDIA Unified Architecture

* Unified shader architecture
* GigaThread technology
* Full support for Microsoft DirectX 10
o Geometry shaders
o Geometry instancing
o Streamed output
o Shader Model 4.0
* Full 128-bit floating point precision through the entire rendering pipeline

NVIDIA Lumenex Engine

* 16x full screen anti-aliasing
* Transparent multisampling and transparent supersampling
* 16x angle independent anisotropic filtering
* 128-bit floating point high dynamic-range (HDR) lighting with anti-aliasing
o 32-bit per component floating point texture filtering and blending
* Advanced lossless compression algorithms for color, texture, and z-data
* Support for normal map compression
* Z-cull
* Early-Z

NVIDIA Quantum Effects Technology

* Advanced shader processors architected for physics computation
* Simulate and render physics effects on the graphics processor

NVIDIA TurboCache Technology

* Combines the capacity and bandwidth of dedicated video memory with dynamically allocated system memory to dramatically turbocharge performance.

NVIDIA SLI Technology

* Patented hardware and software technology allows two GeForce-based graphics cards to run in parallel to scale performance and enhance image quality on today's top titles.

NVIDIA PureVideo HD Technology

* Dedicated on-chip video processor
* High-definition H.264, VC-1, MPEG2 and WMV9 decode acceleration
* Advanced spatial-temporal de-interlacing
* HDCP capable
* Spatial-Temporal De-Interlacing
* Noise Reduction
* Edge Enhancement
* Bad Edit Correction
* Inverse telecine (2:2 and 3:2 pull-down correction)
* High-quality scaling
* Video color correction
* Microsoft Video Mixing Renderer (VMR) support

Advanced Display Functionality

* Two dual-link DVI outputs for digital flat panel display resolutions up to 2560x16004
* One dual-link DVI outputs for digital flat panel display resolutions up to 2560x16005
* One single-link DVI outputs for digital flat panel display resolutions up to 1920x120066
* Dual integrated 400MHz RAMDACs for analog display resolutions up to and including 2048x1536 at 85Hz
* Integrated HDTV encoder provides analog TV-output (Component/Composite/S-Video) up to 1080i resolution
* NVIDIA nView multi-display technology capability
* 10-bit display processing

Built for Microsoft Windows Vista

* Full DirectX 10 support
* Dedicated graphics processor powers the new Windows Vista Aero 3D user interface
* VMR-based video architecture

High Speed Interfaces

* Designed for PCI Express x16
* Designed for high-speed GDDR3 and DDR2 memory

Operating Systems

* Built for Microsoft Windows Vista
* Windows XP/Windows XP 64
* Linux

API Support

* Complete DirectX support, including Microsoft DirectX 10 Shader Model 4.0
* Full OpenGL support, including OpenGL 2.0